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The Punishment of Malvolio Essay - 1237 Words

In Shakespeare’s play, Twelfth Night, the characters endure the fruits of their foolishness at the end of the play, but Malvolio endures a greater suffering and greater embarrassment than the rest of the characters. This is not simply by chance or whimsy: but this is Shakespeare’s stratification of the vices that a person may take upon him or herself. With this stratification, Shakespeare allocates Malvolio’s vices of pride, usurping the social order, and dour temperament as the worst of character flaws, and that is why Malvolio receives the harshest punishment. Before examining the punishment that Malvolio endures, it is necessary to examine his flaws and offenses. His arrival in the play is with criticism of Feste, and that initial†¦show more content†¦Malvolio is treading the ground of criminal offense against a lord, who is also the cousin of his Lady. Beyond the offense upon the higher strata of society, Malvolio is also demonstrating his dour tempe rament in this scene which is also problematic. The importance of mirth and joviality is affirmed throughout the play, and for some characters, their greatest virtue is the ability to enjoy and be passionate for life. Malvolio stands in opposition to this with his protests and derision, and in the play he is the only character that takes offense to other characters enjoying their lives. The hostile environment he creates is important to note because it gives the other characters an impetus to deal with his troublesome personality in order to enjoy their own pleasures and pursuits. The last encounter where Malvolio extends his grievances is the second encounter with Sir Toby. Their encounter takes place after Malvolio’s pride is incensed by the false note of Olivia, so his actions go even further in displaying his own ego and lack of regard for his superiors. Not only does he instruct Sir Toby and Maria to, â€Å"go hang yourselves,† (III.iv.120) but he also claims that he is no longer of their, â€Å"element† (III.iv.121). The implication is that he has ascended beyond Sir Toby and Maria, but that is merely the delusion of his ego. In this scene heShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Seven Deadly Sins 1731 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes Malvolio’s severe punishment, which captivates audiences by pervisity; watching an arrogant character struggle in this farce situation satisfies any loathing audiences might experience. Malvolio s character maintains strict puritan boundaries. His punishment has diverse interpretations depending on culture; religions such as protestant Catholics may have been appalled at Malvolio being shunned for what they consider to be a respectful attitude. The name Malvolio is translated to the definitionRead MoreTwelfth Night - Character Study : Malvolio1218 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter study: Malovlio: Did he deserve the punishment that he received? The character Malvolio (meaning literally quot;I mean ill will) is immediately affected by the implications of his name. His personage is implied directly to be one of negative and somewhat disagreeable nature, which is continued and supported throughout the play, leading to his downfall and mockery which both initially seem to be thoroughly deserved, due to his numerous defects of personality. The first evidenceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay examples1337 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieves her to be Cesario. In addition, Shakespeare has created an equally confusing sub-plot involving Olivias servant Malvolio and the other members of Olivias household. The main plot and subplot are linked as they both examine the manifestations of love. The sub-plot involves the members of Olivias household playing a trick on Malvolio due to his treatment of them earlier in the play. It has long been debated whether Malvolios treatment was justified by hisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1507 Words   |  7 Pagesfeatures are considered. By exploring the role of Malvolio within the play, it is evident of the subversive role he plays. Malvolio‘s character is introduced as one who feels he is able to obtain the hand of Olivia, who in the context of the play is only a steward let alone nobility, the social ambition is subversive for him to try and alter an establish social order of the court. Maria says that sometimes he is a kind of puritan, which aligns Malvolio with the religious group despised for its oppositionRead MoreMarriage and Twelfth Night1541 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter. Malvolio is also a character who is thought by many to be without a ‘happy ending’. Malvolio is portrayed throughout the play as a much disliked character. Maria describes him as ‘the devil a puritan that he is’, many of a Shakespearean theatre audience would have found it amusing to hear Puritans treated badly, particularly as Puritans were against theatres and entertainment, so they would have been widely disliked as reflected in the extreme word ‘devil’. When Malvolio gets trickedRead MoreBrilliant Folly: the Role of Feste1120 Words   |  5 Pagesopposite. Though sometimes the characters do not realize his hidden messages, the reader can instantly comprehend Feste s figurative language, which is evident in every scene in which the fool appears. Whether he is singing to Orsino, arguing with Malvolio, or playing around with Viola, Feste always manages to sneak in a few symbolic foretokens before his exit. His keen eye and fast wit help him to actively partake in the portrayal of the story, however, the fool is merely present to express thatRead MoreEssay on Disguises and Mistaken Identity in Twelfth Night1372 Words   |  6 Pagescan be suggested that certain elements of Twelfth Night are not interpreted to be purely comedic; Shakespeare has incorporated serious and controversial subjects such as the idea of genuine love, the patriarchy of the time and the cruel gulling of Malvolio. Therefore, disguise and mistaken identity are not solely for the purpose of comedy and it could be inferred that it even borders on the genre of tragedy. Throughout Twelfth Night, disguise and mistaken identity works as a catalyst for confusionRead MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night, And Marlowe s The Tragical History Of Doctor Faustus1585 Words   |  7 PagesThese characteristics are not represented directly but can be gathered through the characters’ actions and speeches (Gardner 2-6). Although Mak steals from the shepherds, the shepherds’ mild punishment reflects the act of doing good deeds. The shepherds’ ability to prescribe Mak with such a lenient punishment for a crime most individuals would be hung for, once again paints the picture of the gentle characteristics found within the Trinity, thus paving the way for the reward of being present for theRead MoreClass And Social Structures During The Medieval Period993 Words   |  4 Pagesdressing up for her, singing for her, and complimenting her, he is tricked into kissing her rear-end, showing the failure of courtly love in the merchant class. However, Nicholas is able to woo Alisoun by grabbing her and although he receives a painful punishment for tricking Absolon, he is ultimately the most successful male of the story. In this tale, Chaucer not only satirizes courtly love, but illustrates the aristocracy’s disconnect from the peasant and merchant classes, and illustrates how outdatedRead M oreWilliam Shakespeare s Midsummer Night s Dream1618 Words   |  7 Pageslove was seemingly brought on by herself. However, these players find their happiness in the end. The same does not go for Malvolio, not for his beginning or his end Malvolio initially seem to be a minor character, there simply to play a shrewd and uptight servant. But he becomes more interesting as the play progressing, and his humiliation turns from amusing to tragic. Malvolio does not place himself in romantic torture, but is placed by the trickery of others. He is tricked with a love letter written

Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion Free Essays

For this assignment I am going to discuss Freud’s perspective of personality development. Freud used psychoanalytic theories that are based around the emotional development of the personality, whereas Erikson’s psychosocial theory focuses more on the role of social factors in development. Personality development can be broken down into three strands within Freud’s theory: the personality structure, defence mechanisms and psychosexual development. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personality can be defined as ‘ the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individual’s personal style, and influence his or her interactions with the environment’. (Atkinson et al, 1992) Freud developed his theories by psychoanalysing adults, mostly middle-aged women and individuals with personality problems. He used various methods to study his patients, such as, dream analysis; which are interpretations of individual’s dreams as they are a â€Å"window on the unconscious† (Davenport, 1988), free association; where the person is given a word or a phrase and encouraged to say the first thing that enters their head and ‘slips of the tongue’; which is when a person says something in error but these can subconsciously reflect what they really mean. Freud suggests that adult personality is derived from the interaction between the desires for pleasure and how early desires were gratified. He believed that all human behaviour is controlled by drives, which he relates to human instincts. Freud insisted that there are two forces feeding our instinctual urges with energy; the Libido and the Death Instinct; the Libido being a sexual energy and the Death Instinct being more of an aggressive energy. According to Freud, the adult human mind is made up of three different parts and levels of awareness; the unconscious mind, which he named the ‘Id’; the preconscious mind, which he named the ‘Superego’, and the conscious mind, which he named the ‘Ego’. The Id is at the centre of a person’s very being. It is the initial part of a human’s personality structure, which exists, right from birth and can be described as the most primitive instinct. This part of the personality craves satisfaction and pleasure; therefore it has been coined ‘the pleasure principle’. The Ego is known as the second part of the personality structure. This is the part of our personality that keeps us in touch with reality. Its aim is to protect us and it helps us to perform tasks safely; therefore-coined ‘the reality principle’. The Ego controls both other parts of the personality, the Id and the Superego, which help keep our lives in balance. The last part of the personality structure is the Superego. This is the part that moulds our morals and conscience. It helps prevent us from doing things, which we have learnt and know to be morally wrong; therefore this part has been coined ‘the morality principle’. The ego ideal exists as part of the superego. Rather than telling us what we should not do, the ego ideal tells us what is good and what we should do and be like. If the person has a strong superego they are more likely to have stronger morals than a person with a weak superego. Because the Id and the Superego are always conflicting against one another, the Ego needs to have strategies to reduce anxiety. This helps push problems away and in a way pretending the problems don’t exist, a form of denial, these are known as defence mechanisms. Another defence mechanism is repression; this is where the Id’s impulses are blocked from reaching the conscious mind. There are a number of other defence mechanisms, including projection; where unacceptable desires or characteristics are projected on to someone else, and displacement; this refers to the transfer of repressed desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object. (Mike Cardwell, 2000) Freud’s contributions with his theories on defence mechanisms are still being practiced today and are experienced as valid and useful. According to Freud we acquire our personalities in several stages, known as psychosexual development. Freud thought that different parts of our bodies become particularly sensitive as we grow through these different stages; he called these areas erogenous zones. (Davenport, 1988) As children grow up and are experiencing the stages of psychosexual development, different parts of their bodies become more sensitive, first the mouth, then the anus, then the phallus, and finally the genitals. The libido seeks pleasure through these erogenous zones. The five different stages of psychosexual development are labelled as: The Oral Stage – this is the first year of a baby’s life where the baby gains pleasure from sucking and biting. The Id exists here right from birth. The Anal Stage – this is around the age of one to about three years where the pleasure derives from retaining and expelling faeces. At this stage the Ego begins to develop. The Phallic Stage – this is around three until six years where the sensitivity is placed around the genitals. This is the where the Oedipal Complex or the Electra Complex unfolds. It is during this stage the Superego starts to develop. The Latency Period – this is around seven until twelve years where the body seems to have no sensitised area. A child will be more interested in interacting with other people but are not strongly attracted to others. The Genital Stage – this is around the age of 14 to 17 years. The child becomes more aware of the opposite gender and a sexual awareness is developed. The Oedipal Conflict that occurs in the Phallic Stage involves the child experiencing feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent. The child experiences a fear that the same sex parent will find out and punish them for this, resulting in feelings of envy and the development of ‘castration anxiety’. Whilst all this is happening to the child subconsciously, they start to become more like the same sex parent adopting their characteristics to conquer the Oedipal Conflict, (known as the ‘Electra Complex’ in girls). This is known as ‘Identification’. His ideas on psychosexual development are known to be quite controversial, as they seem to be overly obsessed with sexuality. Freud developed the theory that sex was a major motivational force at a time of great sexual repression. This could have caused sex to be something that was repressed in many minds (Beryard Hayes, 1994). Freud alleges emotional disturbances that occur in adult life could be to do with poor psychosexual development. He believes that a person could be fixated at an early pleasure seeking stage of the development. This is caused if the child experiences severe problems or excessive gratification at any of the stages. The adult may display regression whereby their behaviour could become less mature and similar to behaviour displayed at the stage, which they are fixated. Freud places great importance on the roles of regression and fixation in determining personality. Freud’s theories have not been without criticism, they have mostly been criticised for being unscientific. His research support seems to be rather weak as the case studies he carried out mainly consisted of adults, mostly middle-aged women, from the same culture, so the results may be biased. The only child Freud studied was Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, who suffered from a phobia. Freud’s ‘evidence’ for his explanation of how children’s personalities grow does not come from experiments or any scientifically acceptable means of data collection. It doesn’t even come from observing ‘normal’ children. It comes from the dreams and spoken memory of a relatively small number of people who mostly lived in Vienna, who had some personality ‘problems’. (Davenport, 1988) Another method Freud used to analysis people was hypnosis. This was another widely criticised method, as even Freud admitted himself can be suggestive. However, despite many criticisms Freud remains known for having the most influential impact in modern psychology, especially in the areas of abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy. Today his ideas are used in everything from childcare, education, literary criticism, and psychiatry. He founded the psychoanalytic movement, which today many Neo-Freudians still actively use, although the emphasis of it is different. 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Final Exam free essay sample

If a firm in a purely competitive industry is confronted with an equilibrium price of $5, its marginal revenue: A. will be greater than $5 B. will also be $5 C. will be less than $5 D. may be either greater or less than $5 2) A firm that is motivated by self interest should: A. always use large amounts of cheap inputs and small amounts of expensive inputs in producing its output B. hire each input so the productivity of each is equal at the margin C. always use large amounts of the most productive inputs and small amounts of the least productive inputs in producing its output employ the combination of resources that will produce the profit-maximizing output at the minimum cost 3) If price is above the equilibrium level, competition among sellers to reduce the resulting: A. shortage will increase quantity demanded and decrease quantity supplied B. surplus will increase quantity demanded and decrease quantity supplied C. c. a special account used instead of a trial balance. d. used for accounts that have both a debit and credit balance. 6. Which of the following correctly identifies normal balances of accounts? a. AssetsDebit LiabilitiesCredit Stockholders EquityCredit RevenuesDebit ExpensesCredit b. AssetsDebit LiabilitiesCredit Stockholders EquityCredit RevenuesCredit ExpensesCredit c. AssetsCredit LiabilitiesDebit Stockholders EquityDebit RevenuesCredit ExpensesDebit d. AssetsDebit LiabilitiesCredit Stockholders EquityCredit RevenuesCredit ExpensesDebit 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. Debits increase assets and increase liabilities. b. Credits decrease assets and decrease liabilities. c. Credits decrease assets and increase liabilities. . Debits decrease liabilities and decrease assets. 8. The revenue recognition principle dictates that revenue should be recognized in the accounting records a. when cash is received. b. when it is earned. c. at the end of the month. d. in the period that income taxes are paid. 9. Under accrual-basis accounting a. cash must be received before revenue is recognized. b. net income is calculated by matching cash outflows against cash inflows. c. events that change a companys financial statements are recognized in the period they occur rather than in the period in which cash is paid or eceived. d. the ledger accounts must be adjusted to reflect a cash basis of accounting before financial statements are prepared under generally accepted accounting principles 10. Expenses incurred but not yet paid or recorded are called a. prepaid expenses. b. accrued expenses. c. interim expenses. d. unearned expenses. 11. Accumulated Depreciation is a. an expense account. b. a stockholders equity account. c. a liability account. d. a contra asset account. 12. Sue Smiley has performed $500 of CPA services for a client but has not billed the client as of the end of the accounting period. What adjusting entry must Sue make? a. Debit Cash and credit Unearned Revenue b. Debit Accounts Receivable and credit Unearned Revenue c. Debit Accounts Receivable and credit Service Revenue d. Debit Unearned Revenue and credit Service Revenue 13. After the adjusting entries are journalized and posted to the accounts in the general ledger, the balance of each account should agree with the balance shown on the a. adjusted trial balance. b. post-closing trial balance. c. the general journal. d. adjustments columns of the worksheet. 14. The net income (or loss) for the period . is found by computing the difference between the income statement credit column and the balance sheet credit column on the worksheet. b. cannot be found on the worksheet. c. is found by computing the difference between the income statement columns of the worksheet. d. is found by computing the difference between the trial balance totals and the adjusted trial balance totals. 15. The income statement and balance s heet columns of Pine Companys worksheet reflects the following totals: Income Statement Balance Sheet Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Totals$58,000$48,000$34,000$44,000 The net income (or loss) for the period is a. $48,000 income. b. $10,000 income. c. $10,000 loss. d. not determinable. 16. Earnings per share is a. net income divided by the number of common shares outstanding. b. the market price of the stock divided by the number of shares outstanding. c. gross profit divided by the number of common shares outstanding d. reported on the balance sheet. 17. All of the following are measures of profitability except a. working capital. b. profit margin. c. return on common stockholders’ equity. d. return on assets. 18. The principle that requires circumstances and events that make a difference to financial statement users be reported is the a. cost principle. b. full disclosure principle. c. matching principle. d. revenue recognition principle. 19. Companies that are subject to, but fail to comply with, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 a. may do so legally by obtaining an exemption. b. will be automatically dissolved. c. may be subject to fines and officer imprisonment. d. may be forced to sell their foreign subsidiaries. 20. An example of poor internal control is a. The accountant should not have physical custody of the asset nor access to it. b. The custodian of an asset should not maintain or have access to the accounting records. c. One person should be responsible for handling related transactions. d. A salesperson makes the sale, and a different person ships the goods 21. Having one person post entries to accounts receivable subsidiary ledger and a different person post to the Accounts Receivable Control account in the general ledger is an example of a. inadequate internal control. b. duplication of effort. c. external verification. d. segregation of duties. 22. Walker Clothing Store had a balance in the Accounts Receivable account of $780,000 at the beginning of the year and a balance of $820,000 at the end of the year. Net credit sales during the year amounted to $8,000,000. The average collection period of the receivables in terms of days was a. 30 days. b. 365 days. c. 10 days. d. 37 days. 23. Ratios are used as tools in financial analysis a. instead of horizontal and vertical analyses. b. because they may provide information that is not apparent from inspection of the individual components of the ratio. c. because even single ratios by themselves are quite meaningful. . because they are prescribed by GAAP. 24. The information provided in the notes that accompany financial statements is required because of the a. cost principle. b. full disclosure principle. c. matching principle. d. revenue recognition principle. 25. Which of the following is a true statement about closing the books of a corporation? a. Expenses are closed to the Expens e Summary account. b. Only revenues are closed to the Income Summary account. c. Revenues and expenses are closed to the Income Summary account. d. Revenues, expenses, and the dividends account are closed to the Income Summary account.